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	<title>ICTSD &#187; Developing countries and the WTO</title>
	<atom:link href="http://www.ictsd.org/go/developing-countries-and-the-wto/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://ictsd.org</link>
	<description>International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 15 Feb 2012 03:50:53 +0000</pubDate>
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	<language>en</language>
			<item>
		<title>22nd Geneva&#160;Week</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/developing-countries-and-the-wto/103429/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/developing-countries-and-the-wto/103429/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 15:32:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>interns</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Developing Countries and DSU]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dispute Settlement Understanding]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dispute Settlement and Understanding Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[WTO Agreements]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=103429</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The WTO&#8217;s dispute settlement system has been called the &#8216;jewel in the crown&#8217; of the WTO as it provides automatic, reliable and effective means of dispute resolution. But members can only take advantage of the rule of law if they can effectively pursue their rights in a complex legal regime, which largely depends on having [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The WTO&#8217;s dispute settlement system has been called the &#8216;jewel in the crown&#8217; of the WTO as it provides automatic, reliable and effective means of dispute resolution. But members can only take advantage of the rule of law if they can effectively pursue their rights in a complex legal regime, which largely depends on having an adequate number of experienced legal, economic and diplomatic staff and a large network of external experts and private sector representatives. Earlier research undertaken by ICTSD, has shown that, to varying degrees, developing countries lack such legal capacity, impeding their ability to participate fully in WTO dispute settlement. In particular, inadequate coordination between the government and private sector, a weak stakeholder community, and difficulty in determining the existence of undue trade barriers due to insufficiently processed information and data, constrain developing countries in their efforts of using dispute settlement.<br />
In fifteen years of dispute settlement under the WTO, 400 cases have been initiated. Only around thirty developing countries have initiated one or more of these cases. Also, no African country has acted as a complainant and only one least developed country has ever filed a claim at the WTO. Yet a number of developing countries have made considerable progress in building domestic legal capacity over the last decades. This is reflected in the fact that currently seven out of the eleven most frequent complainants are developing countries. There are good lessons to be learnt from these examples, but the need for strengthening legal capacity in developing countries remains.<br />
Legal capacity is not only needed in dispute settlement proceedings but it is of equal importance for the successful participation in ongoing trade negotiations, for an efficient implementation of WTO obligations and for the peaceful settlement of trade disputes. Generally speaking there is no single area or activity at the WTO for which legal capacity would not be required.<br />
While international organizations such as the Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) provide legal advice and training courses for lawyers, there is a profound need for building greater legal capacity, particularly a strong and well informed stakeholder community, and extensive networks facilitating exchange among various domestic, regional and international actors that are key actors in the litigation process. Especially the role of private sector representatives should not be underestimated – empirical research has shown that most DSU cases are initiated, supported and partially covered by domestic companies that provide essential evidence and data gathered during their trading activities.<br />
It is against this backdrop that ICTSD shall host this workshop that aims to bring together experts within the fields of trade negotiations and dispute settlement as part of the 22nd Open Geneva Week which will take place from the 2nd to the 6th of May, 2011 at the Centre William Rappard in Geneva, Switzerland.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>WTO Dispute Settlement - Meeting Domestic&#160;Challenges</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/101706/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/101706/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Mar 2011 16:39:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>interns</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[DSU Review Documents]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing Countries and DSU]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dispute Settlement Understanding]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dispute Settlement and Understanding Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Documents of interest]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Domestic Regulation]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Activities]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[International Trade Agreements]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Legal Instruments]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[National]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Systemic Issues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Trade Facilitation]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Trade Rules and Competitiveness]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[WTO Agreements]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[WTO Cases]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[WTO Services Rules Negotiations]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=101706</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In fifteen years of dispute settlement the WTO has seen over 400 cases, whereof forty percent have been initiated by developing countries. In fact, some developing countries have become confident users of the system and currently seven out of the eleven most frequent complainants are developing countries. The majority, however, continue to be hampered in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In fifteen years of dispute settlement the WTO has seen over 400 cases, whereof forty percent have been initiated by developing countries. In fact, some developing countries have become confident users of the system and currently seven out of the eleven most frequent complainants are developing countries. The majority, however, continue to be hampered in making use of the system as they face structural and systemic challenges. In particular, the importance of ‘national legal capacity’, including the existence of structures that facilitate the coordination among public and private stakeholders is often underestimated. Against this backdrop there is a great need for generating analysis on the various country experiences to inform activities aimed at strengthening legal capacity in developing countries.</p>
<p>In response to this need, ICTSD has engaged in a bottom-up assessment of the strategies that individual developing countries have developed to enhance their ability to make use of WTO dispute settlement and to coordinate such activities among public and private stakeholders on a national level. The outcome is the form of nine country studies is now presented in the book Dispute Settlement at the WTO – The Developing Country Experience. Countries covered in the analysis include Brazil, Argentina, China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, Egypt, South Africa and Kenya. The publication concludes with a comprehensive list of recommendations. For further information kindly consult our webpage at: <a href="http://ictsd.org/i/dsu/98179/">http://ictsd.org/i/dsu/98179/</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Rodada Doha: todos os olhares voltados aos&#160;EUA</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/developing-countries-and-the-wto/75902/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/developing-countries-and-the-wto/75902/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 May 2010 09:42:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Adriana Verdier</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Pontes Quinzenal]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=75902</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A Rodada Doha de negociações comerciais está estagnada há quase dois anos. Na tentativa de reanimá-la, diversos membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) têm realizado reuniões com vistas a explorar possibilidades de avanço.
Nesse contexto, oficiais de alto nível de cinco membros influentes – Estados Unidos da América (EUA), União Europeia (UE), Brasil, China e [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A Rodada Doha de negociações comerciais está estagnada há quase dois anos. Na tentativa de reanimá-la, diversos membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) têm realizado reuniões com vistas a explorar possibilidades de avanço.</p>
<p>Nesse contexto, oficiais de alto nível de cinco membros influentes – Estados Unidos da América (EUA), União Europeia (UE), Brasil, China e Índia – reuniram-se em Paris, no final de abril, para avaliar o estado das difíceis negociações da OMC. O encontro serviu de inspiração a outro, mais abrangente, que envolverá 19 países. Tal evento será organizado por UE e Índia e ocorrerá na missão indiana em Genebra, em 19 e 20 de maio. </p>
<p>Ainda não está claro se os governos conseguirão superar as divergências substanciais sobre o acordo multilateral de comércio. Tais divisões foram o motivo dos contínuos fracassos das negociações desde o lançamento da Rodada Doha, ao final de 2001.</p>
<p>Michael Punke, o novo embaixador dos EUA para a OMC, acredita que reuniões de diferentes configurações poderão ajudar os membros a superar suas divergências. Punke sustenta que o acordo de Doha está vinculado à concessão de maior acesso a mercado dos grandes países em desenvolvimento (PEDs), como Brasil, China e Índia.</p>
<p>O embaixador dos EUA ressaltou, ainda, que o sucesso de Doha dependerá da capacidade de PEDs como Brasil, China e Índia de aceitar as responsabilidades e a liderança intrínsecas à sua nova posição na economia global. “Se estiverem prontos (&#8230;), teremos um resultado positivo para a Rodada. Se não estiverem (&#8230;), não teremos um resultado bem-sucedido na Rodada”, opinou.</p>
<p>O novo embaixador dos EUA, cuja chegada em Genebra foi adiada durante meses por conta de disputas no Congresso estadunidense, expressou irritação quanto a declarações de que Washington não esclarecera suas expectativas em relação à Rodada. Pelo contrário, Punke defendeu que as delegações de Brasil, China e Índia estão familiarizadas com os interesses dos EUA nas negociações.<br />
 <br />
Em matéria de bens industriais, este país almeja cortes tarifários para setores prioritários como químicos, equipamentos elétricos e produtos florestais. Já nas negociações agrícolas, Washington busca assegurar que as flexibilidades para PEDs não desestabilizem o acesso a mercado. Um exemplo disso são os mecanismos de salvaguarda especial, que permitem a PEDs aumentar temporariamente suas tarifas agrícolas acima dos limites consolidados pré-Doha, no caso de importações massivas ou colapso dos preços, com o objetivo de proteger seus agricultores. No que se refere ao comércio de serviços, Punke afirmou que os PEDs mais avançados deveriam se comprometer a abrir seus mercados à concorrência internacional em setores como serviços de computação e entrega rápida.</p>
<p>Para o embaixador, as negociações sobre as concessões dos EUA em troca dos ganhos acima ainda são prematuras, pois as fórmulas e números para os cortes tarifários e os subsídios presentes nos esboços de texto de 2008 são injustos em relação aos EUA.</p>
<p>A percepção é diferente nos países visados pelos EUA. Segundo fontes consultadas, parece implausível o argumento de que a Rodada está desbalanceada contra os interesses estadunidenses, principalmente diante do envolvimento ativo dos EUA nas negociações desde o início da Rodada. O entrevistado também criticou o fato de Washington apresentar somente demandas e evitar tratar de suas concessões. “Você pode pedir o que quiser, mas se não disser nada sobre o que dará em retorno, isto não significa nada”, afirmou. A fonte consultada observou, ainda, que o Brasil já está disposto a oferecer maior redução tarifária nos setores em que os EUA buscam maior acesso, como químicos e eletrônicos. Por outro lado, quando o Brasil pediu aos EUA concessões para tarifas, subsídios e cotas agrícolas – incluindo o etanol –, os EUA recusaram, ao afirmar que se tratavam de questões difíceis.<br />
 <br />
Punke acredita que reuniões ministeriais e novos prazos não irão funcionar e assegurou que a única maneira de avançar nas negociações seria trabalhar em “configurações múltiplas” – multilateral, plurilateral e bilateral. Punke ressaltou que nas mais de trinta reuniões bilaterais das quais participou desde que chegou em Genebra, há consenso entre os oficiais sobre a necessidade de negociarem em grupos distintos – o que os negociadores comerciais chamam de “geometrias variadas”.<br />
 <br />
Tradução e adaptação de artigo originalmente publicado em <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest</em> Vol. 14, No. 17 - 12 mai. 2010.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>How a Trade Deal on Cotton Could Affect Exporting and Importing&#160;Countries</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/65917/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/65917/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2009 12:13:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Export competition]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=65917</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) is pleased to organize a lunchtime dialogue on &#8220;How a trade deal on cotton could affect exporting and importing countries&#8221;.  The dialogue is to take place from 1.00 p.m. to 3.00 p.m. on November 20th, 2009 at the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva.
At this event, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) is pleased to organize a lunchtime dialogue on &#8220;How a trade deal on cotton could affect exporting and importing countries&#8221;.  The dialogue is to take place from 1.00 p.m. to 3.00 p.m. on November 20th, 2009 at the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva.</p>
<p>At this event, Mario Jales from Cornell University will present the findings of research he has conducted on the implications for importing and exporting countries of various scenarios for trade in cotton. Using an economic model and empirical data, Mr. Jales will present an assessment of what he considers to be the likely impact on various countries of different negotiating outcomes.  ICTSD hopes that the findings of his research will help to provide policy-makers, negotiators and other stakeholders with a clear and accurate assessment of the likely implications of various trade policy options.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Trade in Energy-Efficient Products: Implications for Environmental Goods&#160;Negotiations</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/55390/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/55390/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 15:53:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Clean Technology]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate-Friendly Goods and Services]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EGS]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment and Natural Resources Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environmental Goods]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environmental Services]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=55390</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), in collaboration with the Government of Japan, is organizing an Informal Roundtable on Trade in Energy-Efficient Products, on the 23rd of September, 2009. It will take place at the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), in Geneva, from 9.00 hrs to 13.30 hrs, and will be followed by [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), in collaboration with the Government of Japan, is organizing an Informal Roundtable on Trade in Energy-Efficient Products, on the 23rd of September, 2009. It will take place at the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), in Geneva, from 9.00 hrs to 13.30 hrs, and will be followed by a buffet lunch.</p>
<p><object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="400" height="267" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="400" height="267" src="http://picasaweb.google.com/s/c/bin/slideshow.swf" flashvars="host=picasaweb.google.com&amp;hl=en_US&amp;feat=flashalbum&amp;RGB=0x000000&amp;feed=http%3A%2F%2Fpicasaweb.google.com%2Fdata%2Ffeed%2Fapi%2Fuser%2FICTSD.Picasa%2Falbumid%2F5387620355718052865%3Falt%3Drss%26kind%3Dphoto%26authkey%3DGv1sRgCI6EyrSA3s3BdQ%26hl%3Den_US"></embed></object></p>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<p>Trade in Energy-efficient products is a vital issue, one filled with opportunity to promote energy-efficiency and benefit developing countries, yet fraught with challenges. Investment in energy efficiency has been heralded as a cost-effective solution to satisfy the increasing demand for energy services by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Such an investment not only helps satisfy increasing demand, but has positive effects on energy security, local and regional air pollution abatement and employment. Beyond the clear environmental benefits, developing countries could economically benefit by participating in the supply chains for the production and export energy-efficient products.  How can trade policy contribute to the wider diffusion of energy-efficiency and energy-efficient products? To the extent that tariffs and non-tariff barriers increase the cost of energy-efficient products, it is conceivable that reducing these barriers will help the diffusion and lower the cost of access to such products. However, a trade liberalisation exercise aimed at preferential liberalisation of energy-efficient products is fraught with a number of challenges. Foremost among them is the way energy-efficient goods are classified and distinguished from less energy-efficient ones. These challenges need to be addressed, as do the issues of the standards and benchmarking of energy-efficiency.</p>
<p><strong>Objective:</strong></p>
<p>To shed some light on these issues, ICTSD has invited a number of experts from international organizations, the private sector, government and academia to share their perspectives and research. We intend that this informal roundtable provide a valuable opportunity for key trade delegates to engage in an open discussion with ICTSD and our invited experts on important priority issues in the trade of energy-efficient products.</p>
<p>We are sure that active participation in the roundtable will result in a meaningful discussion and debate, the outcomes of which will prove useful and constructive for countries in their engagement in these negotiations.</p>
<p><strong>Agenda:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/draft-agenda_informal-roundtable-on-ee-products.pdf">Agenda: Trade in Energy-Efficient Products</a></p>
<p><strong>Presentations:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/veena-jha-energy-efficient-products-trade-tariffs-and-standards-the-case-of-the-buildings-sector.ppt">Veena Jha: Energy Efficient Products, Trade Tariffs and Standards - The Case of the Buildings Sector</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/090910-2wto_geneva_jeitajema_sept_23_2009final.ppt">Akihiro Tanii: Supply-Chains in Energy-Efficient Goods - To what extent are developing countries actors?</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/amb-teehankee-speaking-notes.doc">Ambr. Teehankee: State of Play in the Environmental Goods Negotiations</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/jun-takashina.ppt">Jun Takashina: Energy-Efficient Products in the WTO Environmental Goods Negotiations</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/genevaictsdjanssen.ppt">Rod Janssen: Standards and Benchmarking for Energy-Efficient Goods</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/wto-on-standards-and-transparency-ictsd-23sep09-wijkstrom.pdf">Erik Wijkstrom: Notification of Energy-Efficient Standards in the WTO</a></p>
<p><a href="http://ictsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/steenblik_presentation_23sep09.ppt">Ron Steenblik: Challenges and Opportunities for Including Energy-Efficient Products in the Environmental Goods Negotiations</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>EU Appeals Ruling on Banana Import&#160;Regime</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/27660/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/27660/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Sep 2008 07:16:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paige McClanahan</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=27660</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The EU filed an appeal on 28 August in an attempt to overturn a WTO ruling that its import tariffs on bananas discriminate against Latin American countries. In its appeal, Brussels argues that the panel &#8220;completely disregarded&#8221; evidence showing that Latin American banana suppliers&#8217; access to the European market has risen by more than 10 [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The EU filed an appeal on 28 August in an attempt to overturn a WTO ruling that its import tariffs on bananas discriminate against Latin American countries. In its appeal, Brussels argues that the panel &#8220;completely disregarded&#8221; evidence showing that Latin American banana suppliers&#8217; access to the European market has risen by more than 10 percent. The EU also had &#8220;significant systemic concerns&#8221; about judges&#8217; interpretation and application of relevant WTO provisions, according to an official statement.</p>
<p>The WTO has consistently ruled against Brussels&#8217; banana tariff regime, forcing it to overhaul a system that has long granted preferential conditions to producers from ACP states &#8212; 79 former colonies, mainly British and French, located in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. This arrangement is particularly disliked by Latin American banana exporters, who claim that the EU&#8217;s treatment of ACP bananas is unfairly discriminatory.</p>
<p>On the sidelines of the negotiations at the Doha mini-ministerial held in Geneva in July, the EU tried to stave off such protests by striking a deal with 11 Latin American nations. Under the terms of that agreement, Brussels would cut its banana imports from €176 per tonne to €114 per tonne by 2016, with an interim cut to €148 by January of next year.</p>
<p>In exchange for easier access to the EU banana market, the Latin American nations would agree not to challenge the EU&#8217;s duty-free access to banana imports from ACP countries. In addition, the Latin American governments would drop existing lawsuits against the EU, and agree not to launch more challenges.</p>
<p>But given the collapse of the mini-ministerial talks, the fate of that deal is now in question. The EU maintains the agreement was dependent on the WTO Members reaching a breakthrough on agriculture and industrial tariffs, while Ecuador insists that the banana deal struck in July is a stand alone agreement.</p>
<p>Latin American banana producers have expressed &#8220;extreme disappointment&#8221; with the EU&#8217;s decision to reject the accord. Indeed, Ecuador, the world&#8217;s largest banana exporter, and the US have vowed to move forward with WTO litigation against the EU&#8217;s banana tariff regime.</p>
<p>The WTO&#8217;s Appellate Body - its highest court - will issue a verdict within 90 days as to whether Brussels will have to comply with the WTO panel reports.</p>
<p>ICTSD reporting; &#8220;EU to appeal WTO banana ruling,&#8221; THE LATIN AMERICANIST, 28 August, 2008; &#8220;EU appeals against WTO banana rulings,&#8221; EU BUSINESS, 29 August , 2008; &#8220;WTO rules for U.S. against EU banana tariffs,&#8221; ASSOCIATED PRESS, 2 August, 2008; &#8220;EU Files Appeal Against WTO Ruling On Compliance With Banana Import Tariffs,&#8221; WTO REPORTER, 1 September, 2008; &#8220;Ecuador hits back at EU for discarding banana deal,&#8221; NORTH AMERICAN NEWS, 29 August 2008.</p>
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		<title>Agriculture Chair Ambr. Falconer’s Reference Paper on Small Vulnerable&#160;Economies</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3498/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3498/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Apr 2006 11:02:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/agriculture-chair-ambr-falconer%e2%80%99s-reference-paper-on-small-vulnerable-economies/</guid>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3498/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Agricultural Negotiations at the WTO: First, Do No&#160;Harm</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3296/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3296/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2005 21:23:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Trade negotiators at the World Trade Organization (WTO) are struggling to meet a self-imposed deadline of December 2005 to agree on the broad outlines of a new trade deal that would cover global commerce in agricultural products, manufactured goods, and a wide array of services. The key bottleneck is agriculture: unless the shape of a [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trade negotiators at the World Trade Organization (WTO) are struggling to meet a self-imposed deadline of December 2005 to agree on the broad outlines of a new trade deal that would cover global commerce in agricultural products, manufactured goods, and a wide array of services. The key bottleneck is agriculture: unless the shape of a deal on agricultural trade can be agreed upon, developing countries will block progress on trade liberalization for manufactured goods and services, the issues of paramount importance to developed countries. Multilateral trade liberalization will stall. However, negotiations have not yet focused on a pivotal issue in developing countries&#8217; agricultural sectors, namely the fact that subsistence farming is the main source of income for most of the poor. This issue deserves immediate attention as negotiators return to Geneva for a last effort to forge an agreement by December.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Toward Sustainable Trade&#160;Policies</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3496/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3496/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Mar 2004 10:58:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/toward-sustainable-trade-policies/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/policy_research/sust_alt_trade.html">Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3496/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Food policy old and&#160;new</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3502/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/agriculture/3502/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Nov 2003 11:13:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Developing countries and the WTO]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/food-policy-old-and-new/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[
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