For that reason, this paper analyses market access opportunities for environmental goods (EGs) from developing countries in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions and focuses on a few issues particularly relevant to these countries. The paper uses a partial equilibrium model to estimate the possible trade effects of different tariff liberalisation scenarios for ACP countries. It finds that any tariff elimination by ACP countries will result in an increased level of imports and a deepening of the trade imbalance in this sector. The paper subsequently discusses how to leverage the benefits that may come from tariff liberalization of environmental goods.

This paper challenges these norms of neglect by taking a close look at trade in the services that are essential for the development and dissemination of climate-friendly technologies. The paper reveals which services can be linked to action on climate change, what barriers are impeding trade in these services, and what commitments governments have made on lifting these barriers. As such, the paper provides valuable insights for both the specific negotiations on EGS and for negotiations on services in general.

Interestingly, this paper shows that there are significant economic and environmental benefits to liberalizing trade in environmental services that address climate change and the goods that are indispensable for delivering them in tandem. It also shows that despite these advantages there remain many challenges to realizing them.

The study builds on a series of recent ICTSD studies that map and classify climate-friendly goods and analyse trade patterns, drivers, and barriers in such goods. As this paper shows, a vast range of services across multiple sectors appears to be related to implementing climate change policies. The paper covers multiple key mitigation sectors identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): energy supply, transport, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry, and waste. In doing so, the paper goes beyond the issue of market access and national treatment and points to a variety of domestic laws and regulations, such as those regarding government procurement.

The reduction or removal of trade restrictions affecting transport-related EGs supports the deployment of climate-related technologies and allows for easier and less costly access to equipment needed to make transport more sustainable. A review of a range of technology options for reducing energy use and emissions in transport reveals that negotiations on EGs may, in theory, be relevant for the implementation of only some of these technology options: certain alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), certain components used in AFVs (such as batteries used in electric cars) and alternative fuels (such as biofuels). With regard to non-technology options, some WTO members have proposed that specific types of equipment used in public transport and bicycles could be included in the negotiations (with a view to facilitating shifts to more sustainable modes of travel).

In order to properly understand the possible contribution that the environmental goods and services (EGS) negotiations in the WTO could make to sustainable transport strategies, this presentation addresses a number of questions: What trade issues are involved in the deployment of climate-related transport technologies? What EGs can be identified in the transport sector? Do tariffs and NTBs affect international trade in these products? Will trade liberalisation alone support the deployment of climate-friendly technologies and products to developing countries? What are the key issues to be considered by governments in assessing the pros and cons of liberalising trade in specific EGs? Also discussed in this presentation are issues related to tariff classifications.

Since the Harmonized System is updated on a more or less regular basis - sets of amendments came into force on 1 January 1992, 1996, 2002 and 2007, respectively - users may refer to different editions. Any reference in this paper to HS headings, subheadings and Section, Chapter or Subheading Notes, is based on the fourth edition (2007) of the Harmonized System.

In order to properly understand the possible contribution that the environmental goods and services (EGS) negotiations in the WTO could make to sustainable transport strategies, this paper addresses a number of questions: What trade issues are involved in the deployment of climate-related transport technologies? What EGs can be identified in the transport sector? Do tariffs and NTBs affect international trade in these products? Will trade liberalisation alone support the deployment of climate-friendly technologies and products to developing countries? What are the key issues to be considered by governments in assessing the pros and cons of liberalising trade in specific EGs? Also discussed in this paper are issues related to tariff classifications. The analysis in this paper focuses on specific trade-related issues involved in the deployment of climate-related technologies in the transport sector rather than on the much broader theme of sustainable transport strategies.

This paper highlights three sets of issues: biofuels, the deployment of alternative fuel vehicles, and the role of subsidies and other incentives and their potential trade implications.

Energy efficiency policies include Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) and energy labeling, which are the focus of this paper. These requirements can however form trade barriers, especially when differing per region or country, limiting trade flows in energy-efficient goods and technologies. As international trade has been increasing, so have efforts, at the global and especially the regional level, to harmonize energy efficiency standards.

These harmonization efforts have, however, thus far been restricted to certain (mainly industrialized) countries which have actively pursued energy efficiency policies. Most developing countries lag behind in developing their own energy efficiency policies, developing and implementing standards, and in participating in the harmonization efforts. For these countries, energy efficiency policies of others can still form important trade barriers, even when harmonized.

From a global point of view it is also ver y important that developing countr ies develop standards and labeling programs for energy efficiency. Logically, such measures would improve the energy efficiency of the developing economies and thereby contribute to mitigation climate change. In addition, such measures will avoid environmental dumping, in this case dumping of energy inefficient goods, which partly renders measures taken by other countr ies ineffective.

This paper, written by Rod Janssen, outlines and puts into context energy efficiency requirements and their related harmonization efforts. In so doing, the implications of these efforts for developing countries are considered in par ticular.

The paper shows that even though generally speaking developing countries lag behind in developing and implementin g national energy effic iency policies, in some large developing countries there have been many new developments. In China for example, more and more mandatory labels and minimum energy per formance standards are being implemented. However, the situation is different for smaller developing countries, which mainly camp with policy related problems. Often the policy commitment to make capacity and resources available to develop and implement energy efficiency requirement lacks. Unfor tunately this means that there are many benefits to developing countries that go unrealized, which in many cases is due to a lack of awareness.

The elimination or reduction of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers can contribute to the diffusion of energy efficiency (EE) and the use of renewable energy (RE) technologies by reducing the costs of associated products and components and may also provide trading opportunities, including for developing countries. Building consensus on how the WTO negotiations could make the best-possible contribution to harnessing such potential through trade liberalisation has proven to be complicated though.

Especially defining climate-related environmental goods (EGs) and identifying these goods in existing tariff classifications (in particular the Harmonised System) poses many challenges. Certain products that have multiple uses because the potential environmental benefits of trade liberalisation may be uncertain are of particular concern. It may be easier to build a broad consensus around goods with an exclusive or predominantly environmental use, as potential environmental benefits are more certain.

The purpose of this issue paper is to support public understanding of the possible environmental, trade and developmental implications of the WTO negotiations on EGS, in particular for developing countries, by analysing the specific case of climate-related single-use EGs. This note analyses the identification of predominantly single-use EGs linked with climate-related technologies and also analyses corresponding trade flows, tariffs and NTBs. However, the intention of this paper is not to identify an exhaustive list of climate-related single-use EGs.

The elimination or reduction of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers can contribute to the diffusion of energy efficiency (EE) and the use of renewable energy (RE) technologies by reducing the costs of associated products and components and may also provide trading opportunities, including for developing countries. Building consensus on how the WTO negotiations could make the best-possible contribution to harnessing such potential through trade liberalisation has proven to be complicated though.

Especially defining climate-related EGs and identifying these goods in existing tariff classifications (in particular the Harmonised System) poses many challenges. Certain products that have multiple uses because the potential environmental benefits of trade liberalisation may be uncertain are of particular concern. It may be easier to build a broad consensus around goods with an exclusive or predominantly environmental use, as potential environmental benefits are more certain.

The purpose of this issue paper is to support public understanding of the possible environmental, trade and developmental implications of the WTO negotiations on EGS, in particular for developing countries, by analysing the specific case of climate-related single-use environmental goods (EGs). This note analyses the identification of predominantly single-use EGs linked with climaterelated technologies and also analyses corresponding trade flows, tariffs and NTBs. However, the intention of this paper is not to identify an exhaustive list of climate-related single-use EGs.